Metabolic status is related to the effects of adding of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil on postprandial inflammation and lipid profile: Randomized, crossover clinical trial.

Sacha inchi oil (SIO) is an attractive source of polyunsaturated acids oil. A randomized crossover clinical trial was done to evaluate SIO effects on postprandial lipids and inflammatory state caused by a high-fat intake. Twenty metabolically healthy (MH) and 22 metabolically unhealthy (MU) subjects consumed a high-fat breakfast alone or supplemented with SIO. The biomarkers were measured in serum upon fasting, and after 1 and 4 hrs after breakfast. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression was determined in mononuclear cells. In the MH group, SIO reversed the cholesterol increase [iAUCHFM : 0.27 mmol/L/4 h (IQR: -0.07/0.81); iAUCHFM+S : -0.18 mmol/L/4 h (IQR: -0.49/0.31) p = 0.037] and decreased interleukin-6 concentration. In MU group, SIO attenuated lipopolysaccharides increase and interleukin-6 expression [(FCHFM  = -1.19 (IQR: -1.72/1.93) and FCHFM+S  = -1.83 (IQR: -4,82/-0.01), p = 0.017]. The effects of a high-fat meal on postprandial lipids and inflammation could be modified by the addition of SIO, but the outcomes are depending on the metabolic individual status. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The seeds of Plukenetia volubilis L., also known as Sacha inchi, Sacha peanut or Inca peanut are an attractive vegetable source of oil which includes a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the intake of Sacha inchi oil could improve the postprandial responses of a high-fat intake, and could be able to help to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Our results contribute to know the effects of this oil on postprandial inflammation and lipids. In addition, establishing how a person's basal metabolic status can determinate the metabolic response to this oil can help improve its use, and our results add evidence about the role of nutrition and diet in health and disease. At this time, the cultivation of Sacha inchi is being proposed as an agro-industrial alternative for the improvement of quality of living in Colombian rural areas.

Metabolic and inflammatory postprandial effect of a highly saturated fat meal and its relationship to abdominal obesity

Introduction: The postprandial stage is associated with the increase of markers related to cardiovascular risk, and its intensity depends on the metabolic state. Objective: To determine the impact of a high-fat meal intake on the metabolic and inflammatory profile, and its relationship to abdominal obesity. Materials and methods: This clinical trial included 42 individuals (21 with abdominal obesity). We measured glucose, insulin, lipid profile, reactive C protein, lipopolysaccharides, and interleukin 6 in fasting blood, and four hours after eating. Results: Besides obesity, we found insulin resistance and higher levels of fasting triacylglycerides and C-reactive protein. There were higher postprandial responses to glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerides. Interleukin 6 decreased in the non-obese group, and lipopolysaccharides increased in both groups. Conclusions: A saturated high-fat food intake produced a greater impact on the glycemic variables in the group with obesity, while it affected the lipids in both groups. However, the increase of triacylglycerides was higher in the presence of a high basal concentration, and it promoted the increase of lipopolysaccharides. The basal and postprandial inflammatory state affected the group with obesity more. The postprandial moment reflected the most frequent state of the individuals on a normal day and evidenced the capacity of the metabolic response to food intake, as well as early metabolic risk states.

Impacto metabólico e inflamatorio de una comida rica en grasas saturadas y su relación con la obesidad abdominal / Metabolic and inflammatory postprandial effect of a highly saturated fat meal and its relationship to abdominal obesity

Resumen Introducción. La etapa posprandial se asocia con el incremento de marcadores relacionados con el riesgo cardiovascular, cuya intensidad depende del estado metabólico. Objetivo. Determinar el impacto de la ingestión de una comida rica en grasas saturadas sobre el perfil metabólico e inflamatorio y su relación con la obesidad abdominal. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un ensayo clínico en 42 individuos (21 con obesidad abdominal). Se midieron, en sangre, la glucosa, la insulina, el perfil lipídico, la proteína C reactiva, los lipopolisacáridos y la interleucina 6, en ayunas y después de la ingestión. Resultados. Además de la obesidad, se registró la presencia de resistencia a la insulina y de niveles elevados de triacilglicéridos y proteína C reactiva en ayunas. Asimismo, se detectaron niveles posprandiales más elevados de glucosa, insulina y triacilglicéridos. La interleucina 6 disminuyó en el grupo de personas sin obesidad y los lipopolisacáridos aumentaron en ambos grupos. Conclusión. La ingestión de una comida rica en grasas saturadas produjo un mayor impacto en las variables glucémicas en el grupo con obesidad y, aunque afectó de forma similar los lípidos en ambos grupos, el incremento de triacilglicéridos fue mayor en presencia de una concentración basal elevada y promovió el aumento de lipopolisacáridos. El estado inflamatorio basal y posprandial afectó en mayor medida al grupo con obesidad. El momento posprandial reflejó el estado más frecuente de los individuos en un día normal y permitió evidenciar la capacidad de respuesta metabólica frente a la ingestión de alimentos, así como los estados tempranos de riesgo metabólico.

Abstract Introduction: The postprandial stage is associated with the increase of markers related to cardiovascular risk, and its intensity depends on the metabolic state. Objective: To determine the impact of a high-fat meal intake on the metabolic and inflammatory profile, and its relationship to abdominal obesity. Materials and methods: This clinical trial included 42 individuals (21 with abdominal obesity). We measured glucose, insulin, lipid profile, reactive C protein, lipopolysaccharides, and interleukin 6 in fasting blood, and four hours after eating. Results: Besides obesity, we found insulin resistance and higher levels of fasting triacylglycerides and C-reactive protein. There were higher postprandial responses to glucose, insulin, and triacylglycerides. Interleukin 6 decreased in the non-obese group, and lipopolysaccharides increased in both groups. Conclusions: A saturated high-fat food intake produced a greater impact on the glycemic variables in the group with obesity, while it affected the lipids in both groups. However, the increase of triacylglycerides was higher in the presence of a high basal concentration, and it promoted the increase of lipopolysaccharides. The basal and postprandial inflammatory state affected the group with obesity more. The postprandial moment reflected the most frequent state of the individuals on a normal day and evidenced the capacity of the metabolic response to food intake, as well as early metabolic risk states.

Sacha Inchi (plukenetia volubilis Hnneo): ¿una experiencia ancestral desaprovechada? Evidencias clínicas asociadas a su consumo / Sacha Inchi (plukenetia volubilis linneo): a wasted ancestral experience? Clinical evidence related to its consumption

Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) es una planta oleaginosa trepadora que crece en países como Perú, Bolivia y Colombia. Es una excelente fuente de ácidos grasos insaturados, fundamentalmente alfa linolénico (C18:3) y linoleico (C18:2), que representan aproximadamente 82% del contenido total del aceite. Sacha Inchi ha sido parte de la dieta de indígenas desde la antigüedad y es visto en la actualidad como un cultivo prometedor. Por su composición en ácidos grasos esenciales y su alto contenido en tocoferoles y antioxidantes, la recomendación de su consumo en la dieta habitual puede ser una estrategia encaminada a la prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares en poblaciones de América Latina, en las que el consumo de aceite de oliva, reconocido por sus propiedades cardioprotectoras, es bajo. Este artículo tiene por objetivo hacer una revisión de la literatura publicada en relación con la inocuidad, aceptabilidad e impacto sobre la salud, del aceite de Sacha Inchi.

Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is an oleaginous climbing plant thatgrows in countries like Peru, Bolivia and Colombia. It is an excellent source of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly alpha lino-lenic (C18:3) and linoleic (C18:2), which represent approximately 82% of total oil content. Sacha Inchi has been part of the diet of native people of the region since ancient times and is seen as a promising crop today Due to its composition of essential fatty acids and its high content of antioxidants and tocopherols, the re-commendation of its consumption in the diet can be a strategy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in populations of Latin America, as olive oil consumption known for its cardioprotective properties, is typically low in these populations. The aim of this article is to review the published literature regarding the safety, acceptability and health impact of Sacha Inchi oil.

Amigos imaginaroos: ¿recurso válido en la redacción de textos científicos en español? / Imaginary riendss: a valid resource for the writing of scientific texts in spanish?

Este artículo discute el uso de palabras no aceptadas oficialmente por la Real Academia Española incluidas en artículos publicados, y pretende abrir un espacio para la discusión de criterios académicos que validen o censuren el uso de esos términos. En consecuencia, se propone una categoría denominada amigos imaginarios, para hacer referencia a palabras adaptadas o incorrectamente utilizadas, las cuales, sin tener una denotación aceptada, terminan ocupando el sitio de palabras validadas por la Real Academia Española.

This article discusses the use of words, included in articles published, which are not formally accepted by the Spanish Royal Academy. In this way, the paper aims to open a space for discussion of academic criteria to validate or to censor the use of those terms. Accordingly, we propose a category called imaginary friends to refer to adapted or incorrectly used words, that without having any accepted denotation, end up occupying the site of accepted words by the Spanish Royal Academy.

Papel de la proteína c reactiva en las enfermedades cardiovasculares / Role of C-reactive protein in cardiovascular diseases

La proteína C-reactiva (PCR), un marcador sensible de inflamación, es un predictor independiente de enfermedad cardiovascular futura (ECV), que es una de las principales causas de muerte en todo el mundo. El papel de la inflamación en esta entidad ha sido bien documentado en la última década, y se ha demostrado inflamación en todas las fases de la aterosclerosis, desde el inicio y el crecimiento, hasta la ruptura de la placa. La PCR es una proteína de fase aguda, altamente sensible como marcador de inflamación general. En estudios experimentales, se ha determinado la presencia de PCR en arterias que presentan lesiones ateroscleróticas. También se ha demostrado que, en forma directa, la PCR induce la producción de otras células inflamatorias y que disminuye la expresión de la óxido nítrico sintetasa. Es decir, desde el punto de vista biológico, la PCR participa en el proceso aterogénico. En adultos, la PCR, detectada con técnicas ultrasensibles (PCRus), se asocia con los factores de riesgo tradicionales y su concentración predice eventos cardiovasculares.

C-reactive protein (CRP), a sensitive marker of inflammation is an independent predictor of future cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is one of the main causes of death worldwide. The role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease has been well documented in the last decade, and inflammation has been demonstrated in all stages of atherosclerosis, from its beginning and growth to the plaque rupture. CRP is an acute phase protein, highly sensitive as a marker of general inflammation. The presence of CRP has been determined in experimental studies in arteries with atherosclerotic lesions. It has been demonstrated as well that CRP induces directly the production of other inflammatory cells and decreases the expression of nitric oxide synthase. This means that from the biological standpoint CRP takes part in the atherogenic process. In adults, CRP detected through high sensitive CRP-test (hs-CRP) is associated to traditional risk factors and its concentration predicts cardiovascular events.

[Active search and assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in young adults, Cartagena de Indias, 2007]. / Búsqueda activa y evaluación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adultos jóvenes, Cartagena de Indias, 2007.

INTRODUCTION: Extensive clinical and statistical studies suggest that individuals with high overall cardiovascular risk in midlife can be identified by their relatively higher values of risk factors at younger ages. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence and clustering of recognized biological and behavioral cardiovascular disease risk factors among young adults in a neighborhood in Cartagena de Indias. Methods. A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed. A sample of 207 young adults were interviewed in order to obtain information regarding their anthropometric and behavioral characteristics. Each individuals standardized glucaemia and serum lipids were measured. RESULTS: In 80 % (95%CI: 73.6-86.4) family history of cardiovascular disease was present; 37% (95%CI: 30.4-43.6) had behavioral risk factors including physical inactivity, and in 66% (95%CI: 59.5-72.5) atherogenic diet. Alcohol and tobacco consumption were significantly higher in males. Biological risk factor prevalence was 42% (35.3-48.7) for low cHDL, 39% (IC95%: 32.4-45.6) for hypertriglyceridemia, 34% (IC95%: 27.5-40.5), high cLDL, and 21% (IC95%: 15.5-26.5) for metabolic syndrome. The presence of three or more biological risk factors occurred in 30% (IC95%: 23.8-36.2); one or two in 54% (IC95%: 47.2-60.8), and 16% (IC95%: 11.0-21.0) of the participants presented no risk factors. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in young adults underscores the importance of policies aimed at reducing these factors by prevention strategies.

Adipocitos, obesidad visceral, inflamación y enfermedad cardiovascular / Adipocytes, visceral obesity, inflammation and cardiovascular disease

La obesidad es un importante problema de salud a nivel mundial. Se considera el resultado de la combinación de factores genéticos, alimentación inadecuada y falta de actividad física regular. La ingestión de una dieta de alta densidad energética, es la principal causa de obesidad visceral o central, ya que el exceso de energía se almacena en los adipocitos, que aumentan en tamaño y en número, o ambos, en especial los viscerales, produciendo un incremento en la tasa de lipólisis, que a su vez, estimula la secreción de citoquinas por leucocitos, macrófagos y adipocitos, y conduce a estado proinflamatorio, resistencia a la insulina y disfunción endotelial. Esta última, favorecida por el proceso inflamatorio, puede ser el vínculo de unión entre la obesidad y la enfermedad cardiovascular. Así, la disfunción del tejido adiposo representa el mecanismo etiopatogénico en el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular, iniciado por la obesidad visceral.

Worldwide obesity is an important health problem that results from the combination of genetic factors, inadequate food intake and lack of regular physical activity. Intake of a high energy-dense diet is the main cause of visceral and central obesity, since energy excess is stored in adipocytes that increase in size and/or number, especially visceral adipocytes, causing an increment in lipolysis rate that in turn stimulates the cytokines secretion from leucocytes, macrophages and adipocytes, leading to a pro-inflammatory state, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. This endothelial dysfunction favored by the inflammatory process can be the connecting bond between obesity and cardiovascular disease. Thus, adipose tisssue dysfunction constitutes the ethio-pathogenic mechanism in the development of cardiovascular disease, initiated by visceral obesity.

Búsqueda activa y evaluación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adultos jóvenes, Cartagena de Indias, 2007 / Active search and assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in young adults, Cartagena de Indias, 2007

Introducción. Algunos estudios de gran alcance sugieren que los individuos con alto riesgo cardiovascular en la mediana edad pueden ser identificados por una mayor presencia de factores de riesgo en edades tempranas. Objetivos. Estimar la prevalencia y la agrupación de factores de riesgo biológicos y de comportamiento de enfermedad cardiovascular en adultos jóvenes en un barrio de Cartagena de Indias. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 207 personas de 20 a 44 años, con aplicación de entrevistas, mediciones antropométricas y tomas de muestras sanguíneas para evaluar la glucemia y el perfil lipídico. Resultados. El 80% (IC95% 73,6-86,4) presentó historia familiar de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se halló una prevalencia de 37% (IC95% 30,4-43,6) para factores de riesgo conductuales, como la inactividad física, y de 66% (IC95% 59,5-72,5) para el consumo de dieta aterogénica. El consumo de alcohol y tabaco fue significativamente mayor en los varones. La prevalencia de factores de riesgo biológicos fue de 42% (IC95% 35,3-48,7) para cHDL (high-density lipid cholesterol) bajo, de 39% (IC95% 32,4-45,6) para hipertrigliceridemia, de 34% (IC95% 27,5-40,5) para cLDL (low density lipid cholesterol) elevado y de 21% (IC95% 15,5-26,5) para síndrome metabólico. Se observó presencia de tres o más factores de riesgo biológico en el 30% (IC95% 23,8-36,2); de uno o dos, en el 54% (IC95% 47,2-60,8), y el 16% (IC95 % 11,0-21,0) de los participantes no presentó ninguno de ellos. Conclusión. La alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adultos jóvenes subraya la importancia de las políticas encaminadas a reducirlos mediante estrategias de prevención.

Introduction. Extensive clinical and statistical studies suggest that individuals with high overall cardiovascular risk in midlife can be identified by their relatively higher values of risk factors at younger ages.Objectives. To estimate the prevalence and clustering of recognized biological and behavioral cardiovascular disease risk factors among young adults in a neighborhood in Cartagena de Indias. Methods. A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed. A sample of 207 young adults were interviewed in order to obtain information regarding their anthropometric and behavioral characteristics. Each individual’s standardized glucaemia and serum lipids were measured. Results. In 80 % (95%CI: 73.6-86.4) family history of cardiovascular disease was present; 37% (95%CI: 30.4-43.6) had behavioral risk factors including physical inactivity, and in 66% (95%CI: 59.5-72.5) atherogenic diet. Alcohol and tobacco consumption were significantly higher in males. Biological risk factor prevalence was 42% (35.3-48.7) for low cHDL, 39% (IC95%: 32.4-45.6) for hypertriglyceridemia, 34% (IC95%: 27.5-40.5), high cLDL, and 21% (IC95%: 15.5-26.5) for metabolic syndrome. The presence of three or more biological risk factors occurred in 30% (IC95%: 23.8-36.2); one or two in 54% (IC95%: 47.2-60.8), and 16% (IC95%: 11.0-21.0) of the participants presented no risk factors. Conclusion. The high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in young adults underscores the importance of policies aimed at reducing these factors by prevention strategies.

Encefalopatía epiléptica por fenilcetonuria / Epileptic encephalopathy by phenylcetonuria

La fenilcetonuria es un error innato del metabolismo con graves repercusiones neurológicas y sistémicas, si no se detecta antes del primer mes de vida. La implementación de pruebas de tamizaje metabólico en la etapa neonatal, constituye una herramienta económica, sencilla y no invasiva, que permite por lo menos sospechar si un niño nace con esta patología. El presente artículo muestra evidencia del daño neurológico de un niño con diagnóstico tardío de fenilcetonuria (PKU) en la Fundación Instituto de Habilitación “El Rosario” de Cartagena - Colombia, para niños con retardo mental. Este niño, tuvo un neurodesarrollo acorde a su edad hasta los siete meses, época en la que aparecieron crisis epilépticas, instalándose una encefalopatía epiléptica progresiva y con pobre respuesta a fármacos antiepilépticos. Se le practicó una tomografía axial computarizada (TAC), la cual no mostró daño estructural. Las crisis cesaron a los cuatro años, sin embargo, el paciente quedó con secuelas motoras y psíquicas. Sólo hasta los ocho años, después de una resonancia magnética nuclear (RM), se decidió practicar un tamizaje metabólico en suero y orina, cuyos resultados orientaron a solicitar pruebas más específicas, que permitieron cuantificar el aumento en plasma del aminoácido fenilalanina y confirmar el diagnóstico. Es de resaltar que la realización de un tamizaje metabólico en la etapa neonatal o al momento de la aparición de los espasmos, hubiera permitido incidir favorablemente en el curso de esta enfermedad, evitando el daño neurológico por medio de la instauración de una dieta libre de fenilalanina en etapas tempranas del desarrollo